Scientific Management Is An Approach Management Essays

Scientific Management Is An Approach Management Essays Scientific Management Is An Approach Management Essay Scientific Management Is An Approach Management Essay Scientific direction is an attack that highlight on the scientific survey of work methods that improves workers effectiveness therefore addition production.Representatives of this attack include Frederick Winslow Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and Henry Gantt ( Martin,2005: page34 ) . Frederick Winslow Taylor has research where that the human organic structure as a machine and can developed work more efficaciously and expeditiously. Taylor believed any occupation could be analysed and improved if there was a scientific discipline of work ( Inkson and kolb, 2002 ) . Frank and Lillian Gilbreth proposed gesture surveies to streamline the bricklaying procedure whereby Frank designed particular staging for different types of occupation. This lead to the workers increasing brick laid per twenty-four hours from 1000 to 2700 without addition in physical attempts ( Martin, 2001: page 37 ) .Henry L Gantt, one of Taylor closest associates made his parts in the scientific direction attack with the Gantt chart. A planning, scheduling and command in writing assistance that is still used ( Martin, 2001: page38 ) . Advantages of systematic scientific choice a directions are the systematic choice and progressive development of the workers whereby people are scientifically selected for the undertakings which they can execute and developing are given to further their cognition and abilities at it. Taylor s four rules of scientific directions are direction to co-operate with workers in guaranting the usage of proper methods. Second, workers are carefully selected and trained to execute undertakings utilizing scientifically developed methods. Third, each portion of a undertaking is studied scientifically and a best method is developed to executing it. Work and duties are divided between the direction and workers whereby the direction is responsible for be aftering work methods utilizing scientific rules and workers are responsible for making the work. Scientific direction has been accused of estranging the workers from their occupation and one of the few beginnings of power which employees have ( the power of accomplishment, the of implicit in be aftering the occupation every bit good as put to deathing it ) ( Inkson and Kolb ) , 2002: page53 ) .Disadvantages of scientific directions are the replacings of skilled workers with unskilled workers therefore diminishing the betterment of accomplishments and thoughts. Other disadvantages is that it could take to lower occupation satisfaction, absenteeism rate will increase, labour turnover, accidents will happen often, hapless motive is hapless and mental wellness is loss. However, scientific direction can besides make new responsible occupations which include more direction s occupation and in any instance may be inevitable in an environment where competition is high and each individual is endeavoring for maximal efficiency ( Inkson and kolb, 2002 ) . 411 Wordss B ) Administration Management Administration Management is an attack that emphasise on rule for directors to use on the whole construction and operation of the administrations. Henri Fayol and Chester Barnard, both executives of big house were two major parts to this attack ( Martin, 2001: Page 40 ) Harmonizing to Henri Fayol, there are five major maps of direction and they are be aftering, commanding, organizing and organizing ( Wikipedia Org,2012 ) .These five maps are based on the 14 rules that Fayol developed which had been in effectual in his ain direction and he believed could be used if applied anyplace ( lnkson and Kolb,2002 ) . Chester Barnard best know authorization depends less on those who gives orders that on those receive them, which are willing to adhere to it. Advantages of administrative direction are the integrities of bid whereby employees are to have orders from one superior merely. Fayols position on centralization harmonizing to the circumstance allows for flexibleness on determination devising. He advocates the directors to demo considerations for employees and to value the thoughts, amenability and the teamwork they show, as in his rules of equity, enterprise and esprit de corps. Directors are given the right to give orders with authorization accompanied by duty ) Inkson and Kolb, 2002 ) .Work is divided harmonizing to the forte of an employee and they should supply efficient consequences. Discipline is of import in any company, staffs should be on their best behavior in order for the smooth running of the administration and this may depend on good leading. Order should be maintained throughout the full administration and stuffs are to be kept in happy topographic point so as to do work easier for everyone. Hierarchical concatenati on of authorization defines the communicating tract in an administration whereby it extends from top to button and horizontal communicating can be used so every bit long as the directors are good informed ( Martin,201 ; Page41 ) . Disadvantages of administrative of administrative direction are the direction orientated theories where the directors, supervisors and employers do nt give much attend to the employees. The mechanical attack it has does non cover with the of import facets of directions viz. communicating, taking and motive. Concepts that are borrowed from the military scientific discipline, for illustration, Henri gave the of import of commanding and non directing the employees. Less of import is give to the informal administrations construction than it is it to the importance of formal administration ( Wikipedia Org, 2012 ) 389 Wordss Part 2 Angstrom The ground behind this formation of concern is chiefly due to the lifestyle alterations created by modern life whereby the eating house industry is turning steadily therefore the proprietor wants to put in it so as to do net income. An economic ground is that the proprietor has money and wants to put it in nutrient service eating off from place. Personal ground why the proprietor wants to open his concern of the experience and cognition that he has gained for being in the concern similar to this one enemy 34 old ages and accompanies with the money with he wishes to put in the market. 103 Wordss Important direction schemes are needed in order to get down a concern, net incomes and accomplish its ends. Some of which are. Roles, maps, efficiency, effectivity, accomplishments and competences.These schemes are discussed as follows: First, Tasty Food are supplying efficiency and effectivity by buying new equipment s and dining room trappingss to restitute the eating house. The kitchen is designed for high criterions of healthful efficiency and will be cleaned daily. Food costs and stock list control will be monitored by the computing machine system and checked daily by direction.food will be largely ordered stored in big ice chests in the cellar.food for bringing possibly prepared beforehand and stocked. Catering will be treated as bringings.food will invariably be tested for high criterions of freshness and pureness.Employees will be having significant information from the chef and will be kept informed on the latest on wellness feeding. Second, functions in the concern include the proprietor as the head chef and Tasty Food have assembled an impressive board of managers that represent some top professionals from the country which they believe would be a great plus to the development of the company. Best equipment has been retained to the design section. Third, competences are that the employees will be trained in the applications and doctrine of their different specific responsibilities. The chef will be supplying extended information to the employees and will update them on a day-to-day footing on the latest wellness eating issues. Furthermore, the accomplishments that Tasty Food offers to the employees are competitory rewards and wages and cardinal forces will have benefit bundles. In decision, map of Tasty nutrient are the duty for the fiscal wellbeing of the concern.The proprietor starts that the factors and responsible actions that will ensue in run intoing the companies basic fiscal ends are the consequence of the merchandises on the wellness and good being of the clients and staff. The impact that the concern patterns and picks will hold on the environment and high quality of equity, attitude, understanding and generousness between direction, staff clients and sellers is another factor to be considered. These direction schemes will assist Tasty nutrient to accomplish its end in making a repute of quality, consistence and security ( safety of nutrient ) that will do it the leader if a new manner of dining. 390 Wordss

Andrew Johnson Fast Facts - 17th President

Andrew Johnson Fast Facts - 17th President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) served as Americas seventeenth president. He took over after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. He was president through the early days of reconstruction at a time when emotions ran high. Due to disagreements with Congress and his staff, he was actually impeached in 1868. However, he was saved from being removed as president by one vote.   Here is a quick list of fast facts for Andrew Johnson. For more in depth information, you can also read the Andrew Johnson Biography Birth: December 29, 1808 Death: July 31, 1875 Term of Office: April 15, 1865 - March 3, 1869 Number of Terms Elected: Term - Finished out the term after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. First Lady: Eliza McCardle Andrew Johnson Quotes: Honest conviction is my courage; the Constitution is my guide. The goal to strive for is a poor government but a rich people. There are no good laws but such as repeal other laws. If the rabble were lopped off at one end and the aristocrats at the other, all would be well with the country. Slavery exists. It is black in the South, and white in the North. If I am shot at, I want no man to be in the way of the bullet. Who, then, will govern? The answer must be, Man - for we have no angels in the shape of men, as yet, who are willing to take charge of our political affairs. Major Events While in Office: ReconstructionThirteenth Amendment Ratified (1865)Alaska Purchased (1867)Impeachment Proceedings (1868)Fourteenth Amendment Ratified (1868) States Entering Union While in Office: Nebraska (1867) Related Andrew Johnson Resources: These additional resources on Andrew Johnson can provide you with further information about the president and his times. Andrew Johnson BiographyTake a more in depth look at the Seventeenth president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. ReconstructionAs the Civil War ended, the government was left with the job of mending the horrendous rift that had torn the nation apart. The programs of reconstruction were efforts to help achieve this goal. Conspiracies Surrounding Abraham Lincolns AssassinationAbraham Lincolns assassination is rife with mystery. Was his death masterminded by Booth alone, by Jefferson Davis, by Secretary of War Stanton, or even by the Roman Catholic Church? Find out more about the conspiracies in this article. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: Abraham LincolnUlysses S GrantList of American Presidents

What was the most valuable thing that you learned in BUS656 this term Essay

What was the most valuable thing that you learned in BUS656 this term - Essay Example This concept provides numerous ways to create market segments that can be used to leverage business potential. The highlighted point is that of defensible market segments, which would actually help in capturing market share for a large as well as small business. The defensible market segments not only create business but also sideline competition from others in the industry. Creation of defensible market segments allows a particular business to stay on the top until competitors surpass the defensible segments with better products and/or customers’ needs change. Defensible segments can be of value with the positioning strategy of the business, especially in weak market segments. Understanding customers’ buying behavior and needs help in creating defensible segments. In addition, customer behavior in terms of frequency of purchase, attitude towards a particular product and a new product of the same brand can be advantageous to creation of defensible market strategy. Positioning strategy of products aimed at defensible segments provides opportunity to increase market share of new products. Greater product differentiation and an established brand automatically increase purchase size of customers, but cannot create defensible segments. This module highlighted the significance of defensible segments and acquiring market share as well as identifying market segments that can be used to find a slot for a particular product. Understanding markets will also help in designing products to meet the market/customer demands, which may be used for positioning the products. Once the market and customer needs are identified, it becomes simpler to find positioning strategies accordingly. It is difficult to capture greater market share of products that create defensible segments. Here, a strong positioning strategy would be of great value for the business. Positioning strategy helps in putting

Medicare Prescription Drug Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medicare Prescription Drug - Essay Example There are many reasons why changes to Medicare were deemed necessary One of the main reasons is that there had been an increase in the number of Americans who were uninsured. Numbers show that those without health insurance had increased by 2.4 million between 2002 and 2003 and stood at 43.6 million in 2003. Costs of health care have been consistently increasing due to various reasons such as expensive new technologies, overusing of equipments and devices, etc. There has been a need for reform in medical liability. It must be possible for patients to seek punitive damages. Legal system was being misused by lawyers. There was a gap in information sharing between nurses and doctors it had to be addressed and also doctors had to be assured that the information they share would not be used to sue them or the hospital. Health care industry had progressed in all aspects but failed to make progress in information technology. The methods of information management were still old school and he nce this had to be changed to improve the services. Therefore modernization of information technology was essential (Bell & Friedman, 2005). Projections said that Medicare would be bankrupt because of the baby boom generation. That is, the number of seniors has increased and in turn the Medicare costs. Even though Medicare was doing a decent job, it lacked flexibility. It did not offer many choices to its participants. It was to address these and many more issues that changes were necessary to Medicare. Main Provisions of the New Legislation and Accomplishment of Desired Goals Prescription drug coverage which enabling seniors to take the drugs they needed rather than being dictated by the government (Office of Legislation, 2004). Choice of individual health care plans that would best suit the individual’s needs. Freedom to choose the place, hospital and doctor along with the kind of care and treatment needed (Office of Legislation, 2004). To fully cover disease preventive mea sures such as cancer and diabetes screenings. Protect seniors from high costs that would burn a hole in their savings. The desired goals have been accomplished to a certain extent. There have been improvements made and the information technology system has certainly improved. Parties Involved In Setting the Agenda for This Policy Change and Their Roles, Interests and Influences Following were the main agenda setters: The then President and his administration (President Bush), AARP, The Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, The National Institutes of Health, The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Each of these agenda-setters have had interests and played a role in the policy change. President Bush and his team ensured that issue would not die down and continuously brought issue to the limelight through their campaigns. AARP too pushed for a universal drug coverage plan rather than those that would only be targeted at the poor (Campbel & Morgan, 2005). Controversies Sur rounding the Legislation and Claims of Supports and Detractors The legislation was controversial for two main reasons. One was that it needed seniors with higher incomes to pay more for coverage and there were billions of dollars that was needed to stop elimination of existing coverage for the retirees by the corporations. Another reason was that private insurance companies were now given a vast role in health care. Supporters of the bill claimed that modernizing of the Medicare will lead to a better system and

Gilligan’s Island Essay -- Personal Narrative Vacation Traveling Essay

Gilligan’s Island No inhabitants, a major tourists spot, a clear blue ocean, but no sign of the Professor, the Skipper, or Mary Ann. Can you guess where this is? You got it! Gilligan’s Island located in the beautiful South Atlantic Ocean. During Spring Break of 2003, my best friend, Danielle, and I took a flight to Orlando, Florida, a car to Fort Lauderdale, and a cruise through the Bahamas that had beautiful subtropical weather. For one day out of four during the cruise, we were able to chose what we wanted to do whether it was snorkeling, shopping, or taking an off land excursion to Gilligan’s Island. Of course, Danielle and I chose sun tanning on the beautiful, sandy beaches at Gilligan’s Island. As we boarded the tiny, white, sixty passenger, excursion boat, we headed east from Nassau, Bahamas with a population of about 300,000, to the tiny island called Gilligan’s Island that had no inhabitants. Approaching the island, all we could see was crystal clear breathtaking blue water that looked like a huge sheet of glass. The water was so calm and so clean. As we drew closer to the island, Danielle said, â€Å"Look at all those huge palm trees.† She was right, the island was covered with giant palm trees that must have been there from way back when the Gilligan’s Island TV show was filmed (probably longer). The boat captain announced in a deep Creole accent over constant clicks and flashes of cameras â€Å"Enjoy your day here at Gilligan’s Island, one of the seven hundred islands here in the Bahamas. Remember that food and drinks will be served all day from the Pavilion. Departure time is at 4 p.m.† I was so excited to explore the tiny island, e tch many memories in my mind, but still enjoy my time at the beach. As the excursion... ...e learned a lot about the Bahamian cultural and their way of life. Not one Bahamian does a thing for themselves. Their goal is to feed their family and make sure that their family is taken care of first. They are also very hospitable people to the tourist and they make sure that you enjoy your stay and that you have plenty to eat and drink. As I look back at my trip, I realized that I may not have met Gilligan, the Skipper, the millionaire and his wife, the movie star, the Professor, or Mary Ann, but the Bahamian people were sure welcoming. They were nice to allow us to travel to Gilligan’s Island. After all, how many of you can say that you have traveled to Gilligan’s Island? Works Cited â€Å"Bahamas.† http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia. 13 Aug. 2004. â€Å"The Bahamas.† http://www.bahamas.com. 13 Aug. 2004. â€Å"The Bahamas.† http://www.cia.gov/cia. 13 Aug. 2004.

Bipolar Disorder Essay

Over the years there have been many misconceptions about what bipolar disorder is, what the symptoms are, and how it is treated. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. A person who has â€Å"mood swings† does not automatically qualify them for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The characteristics of bipolar disorder are significant shifts in mood that go from manic episodes to deep depressive episodes in waves and valleys that never end. Nearly 2% of Americans have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, more commonly known as manic depression. Scientists are constantly studying the possible causes of bipolar disorder. Most scientists agree that there is not one single cause, but is caused by a combination of biological and environmental factors. Even though it has not been proven that bipolar disorder is hereditary, it does tend to run in families. Children with a parent or sibling who has bipolar disorder are much more likely to develop the illness, compared with children who do not have a family history. Bipolar patients are more likely to use mind altering drugs to try and self-medicate therefore making diagnosis a harder process. â€Å"Doctors diagnose bipolar disorder using guidelines from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, the symptoms must be a major change from your normal mood or behavior† (Youngstrom, E., 2012, October 23). Below is a chart demonstrating the different mood changes and behavioral changes between a manic and depressive episode. It was once thought that there were only two types of bipolar disorder, but now the disease has been broken down even further into several different disorders. Bipolar I disorder is the most severe form of the illness with  extreme manic or mixed episodes that last at least a week. â€Å"Bipolar I disorder is characterized by at least one manic episode during your lifetime. Usually there are depressive episodes as well that last two weeks, however you do not need to have a history of depression to be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Bipolar II disorder is defined by experiencing both a hypo-manic and a depressive episode. To meet the criteria for bipolar II, a previous episode of depression is necessary, along with symptoms of less intense mania lasting at least four days† (Caponigro, J., Lee, E., Johnson, S., & Kring, A., 2012). Cyclothymia is defined by a pattern of chronic and frequent mood changes. These mood changes are not as extreme as those experienced in manic epi sodes. The diagnosis is based off of how much of the time some type of changed move is present. Most people diagnosed with Cyclothymia tend to feel very â€Å"up† or very â€Å"down† at least half of the time. This diagnosis is not considered until those mood fluctuations have continued for a very long time: generally one year for adolescents and over two years for adults. These episodes must last for at least two years without more than two months of a stable mood during that time to qualify for this diagnosis. Bipolar NOS or not otherwise specified is the diagnosis that covers forms of bipolar that don’t fall into any of the other categories. The mood episodes are extreme enough to be classified as manic, hypomanic, or depressive but do not meet the duration requirements for bipolar I, bipolar II, or cyclothymic diagnosis. Bipolar disorder cannot be cured, but it can be treated effectively long-term. Because it is a lifelong illness, long-term treatment is essential to control symptoms. It is essential to receive the correct diagnosis to receive the most effective treatment. Medication is the most effective treatment for managing symptoms of bipolar disorder and extending periods of mental and physical wellness. Most often, the first medicines used are called mood stabilizers. â€Å"Since the early 1960’s, lithium has been the most commonly used mood stabilizer† (Fink, C., & Kraynak, J., 2013). Some other medications that are prescribed for the treatment of bipolar are Trileptal, Topamax, and Neurontin. Because it is believed by some that bipolar disorder is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, these medications have been effective in treating bipolar disorder, but they are not considered effective treatments for bipolar symptoms. Antipsychotics  medications are used to reduce psychotic symptoms and lowering irritability, and they can be the fastest way to treat an acute manic episode. Antipsychotic medications are usually stated during an acute manic phase while the patient is in the hospital, and used as a maintenance treatment after the patient is released. The biggest hurdle in treatment of bipolar disorder is ongoing treatment. When patients are diagnosed correct ly and started on the correct medications it is vital for those medications to be continued by the patient. Many bipolar patients feel that once their mood has stabilized that they are â€Å"cured† therefore they stop taking the medication. In conclusion, receiving a bipolar diagnosis does not have to be the end of the world. Many brilliant and upstanding people have been diagnosed and effectively treated for bipolar disorder. It is important to have regular visits with a psychiatrists to discuss your medications and side effects. Blood tests are sometimes ordered to check the levels of your medications and the response of your body to these medications. It is important to stay on the prescribed medications and to try and keep a normal daily routine. A support group and supportive friends and family are vital in maintaining a good balance between the highs and lows. Even though there is not a cure, it is possible to live a happy and productive life. References Caponigro, J., Lee, E., Johnson, S., & Kring, A., (2012). Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for the Newly Diagnosed. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. Fink, C., & Kraynak, J., (2013). Bipolar Disorder for Dummies 2nd Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Youngstrom, E., (2012, October 23). Myths and Realities about Bipolar Disorders. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/release/2012/10/bipolar-disorder.aspx

Historical Foundations in the Field of Psychology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1262 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This final assignment is a reflective paper in which the historical, philosophical, and empirical foundations of the field of learning in psychology and its applications will be discussed. Additionally, there will be a discussion of the ways that history has helped to shape important contemporary learning theories and issues. Lastly, the paper will provide an explanation of how specific topics and information such as instrumental conditioning techniques and the usefulness of different learning styles may impact my personal and professional life and how the different aspects of the field of learning have added value to my body of knowledge as a student and future professional in the field of psychology. Historical Foundations Of the Field of Learning Shaping Important Contemporary Issues It is a natural course of action for the field of learning to fall under the umbrella of the field of psychology. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Historical Foundations in the Field of Psychology" essay for you Create order A branch of philosophy and science, the field of learning, just as the field of psychology, was created through the movements of empiricism and rationalism, along with the development of evolution theory (Terry, 2009). These movements fostered interest in scientific investigation thus giving way to epistemology, which means, theory of knowledge. Questions concerning nature and nurture sparked interest in how we came to have knowledge, which is the main tenet of the field of learning (Terry, 2009). In the field of psychology, the learning theories provide a way to explain how we learn and attain knowledge; how we think. While philosophers agreed with the basic definition of knowledge and learning, which is defined as the acquisition of knowledge, their opinions varied in how acquisition occurs (Terry, 2009). Descartes suggested that although we learn, other sources of knowledge exist. He introduced the ideas of nativism and rationalism. He proposed that we have innate knowledge of our ideas of God, infinity, and perfecton (Terry, 2009). Also, that other knowledge is derived by a reasoning, logical, and intuiting mind (Terry, 2009). Additioally, this knowledge is present and independent of particular experiences with the world (Terry, 2009). Therefore, he believed in the process of learning, but he didn’t believe that all knowledge had to be learned. However, John Locke introduced the idea that knowledge is actually learned through our experiences, and through use of our senses, which is the idea of empiricism (Terry, 2009). This phenomenon is later known as cause and effect. The ideas of Descartes and Locke influenced researchers toward an empirical view of learning through seeking out how knowledge is acquired through what is experienced in the environment. This gave way to the scientific methods of association learning, conditioning, and verbal learning (Terry, 2009). Each of the historical thoughts on learning is continuous and useful in some way today. There are modern theories that have built upon the ideas of conditioning and behavior modifications, etc. One such example is research conducted to treat anxiety disorders. Mineka, and Zinbarg (2006), provide a modern approach to treating phobias, as well as other anxiety disorders. Their research starts with the traditional premise that what can be learned can be unlearned, and possibly prevented (Mineka Zinbarg, 2006). However, they support modern criticism that traditional learning approaches do not adequately account for the diverse factors involved in the origins of people’s anxieties. To support this claim they provide an example of two clients with phobias of dogs. The phobias were developed due to experiencing attacks by dogs. The first client actually was out walking her pet dog when she was attacked and later developed an infection due to the bite. However, the second client only experienced her clothes being torn before the owner was able to grab the dog before any serious injury occurred, although both clients developed phobias (Mineka Zinbarg). They argue that traditional learning approaches do not adeqatly explain why the client that was not bitten developed the phobia as well. Additionally, they provide another concern that traditional views do not explain why many individuals that have had traumatic experiences do not develop phobias. Furthermore, they go on to say that contemporary learning approaches are better grounded in the theories and methods of experimental psychology, and they provide more comprehensive formulations of the etiology of anxiety disorders. Also, that they provide a more explicit analysis of factors promoting or inhibiting the deeopment of different anziety disorders (Mineka Zinbarg). With that being said, there have indeed been great advancements in the field of learning and psychology, along with growing technological advances. Learning involves observable changes in behavior; objective evidence, and traditional researchers such as Pavlov, Watson and Skinner have paved the way for providing a scientific foundation for psychology and learning. â€Å"Psychology is a science because it is objective and quantifiable. Learning and memory themselves are not observed directly; they are processes that occur in the nervous system (Terry, pg. 5, 2009). Therefore, contemporary research has taken advantage of the use of PET scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at brain functions to explain behaviors ( Raichle, 1994). These modern avenues of research have allowed researchers to become a step closer to relating psychological theory to brain functions and research. For example, today’s research may include brain scans and case studies of brain damaged sol diers. Even more so, recent research on post traumatic stress disorder examines the use of exposure therapy on preventing the reoccurenc of PTSD (Massad et. l, 2006). This research is most interesting because the researchers examine the understanding of reducing fear responses because associations with the stimuli are not unlearned. Their research concludes that unless exposure treatment regimens are maximized the risk of renewal of PTSD is high (Massad et. al, 2006). Such advances are very important to the quality of life that our existence depends upon. Knowledge is necessary for our daily lives even more so now than ever. This very research can be instrumental in a military soldiers life as we are currently in war time. The topics in the field of learning that have had the most impact on me personally include learned taste aversions and the development of specific phobias For example, the first time a child sees a nurse and a needle at the pediatricians office, it probably will not cause the child to cry. However, through the pairing of the needle with the unpleasant sensation of having a vaccination the sight of the nurser may come to elicit symptoms of fear and anxiety, even if the child is not receiving a vaccination. I personally found this interesting just because I am a mom and it is interesting to use such information while rearing children. The second type of learning that I found interesting in the behaviorist tradition is instrumental or operant, conditioning. This type of learning requires that an organism operate on the environment to achieve a goal (Terry, 2009). So then, behaviors are learned as a function of the consequences of those behaviors. Of course, this type of reinforcement is useful in the classroom as well as rearing children. Additionally, social learning theory focuses on observational learning, and modeling. Social learning researchers are concerned with how expectations, memory, and awareness influence the learning process (Berk, 2008). Children learn many behaviors through modeling. Most interesting to me was Albert Bandura’s experiment with children. It is still shocking and relevant today. Adults can find this research useful when considering the consequences of behavior. References Berk, L. (2008). Infants, children and adolescents. (6th Edition). Boston: Allyn Bacon. Raichle, M. (1994). Images of the mind: Studies with modern imaging techniques. Annual Review of Psychology, 45333-356. doi:10. 1146/annurev. ps. 45. 020194. 002001. Terry, W. S. (2009). Learning memory: Basic principles, processes, and procedures. (4th ed. ) Boston: Pearson Higher Education.